Class: Scabicides and Pediculicides
ATC Class: P03BA
VA Class: AP300
CAS Number: 8003-34-7
Brands: A200, Licide, Pronto, RID
Introduction
Pediculicide; fixed-combination preparation containing pyrethrins (a pediculicide) and piperonyl butoxide (has little or no insecticidal activity but potentiates that of pyrethrins).a
Uses for Pyrethrins with Piperonyl Butoxide
Pediculosis
Topical treatment of pediculosis capitis (head lice infestation).103 104 107 112 117 120 121 122 123
An alternative rather than a preferred treatment for pediculosis capitis.107 108 Permethrin 1% generally considered the treatment of choice, and malathion 0.5% is recommended when permethrin resistance is suspected.103 107 108 113 114 116 117 125
Base selection of a pediculicide on efficacy (including both pediculicidal and ovicidal activity), safety, cost, availability, ease of application, age of patient, presence of other scalp infections, patient preference, severity of the infestation, potential for transmission, number of recurrences, and the pattern of resistance in the geographic region.113
Topical treatment of pediculosis pubis (pubic lice infestation).101 104 112 115 120 121 122 123 Considered a pediculicide of choice by CDC and others for treatment of pediculosis pubis, including in HIV-infected patients.101 104 112 115
Topical treatment of pediculosis corporis (body lice infestation).103 120 121 122 123 124 125 In some cases, body louse infestations may be treated by improved hygiene and by decontaminating clothes and bedding by washing at temperatures that kill lice.103 125 If the infestation is severe, a pediculicide should also be used (e.g., topical permethrin, topical pyrethrins with piperonyl butoxide, topical malathion, oral ivermectin).124 125
One of several options recommended for treatment of pediculosis corporis in the adjunctive treatment of epidemic (louse-borne) typhus.103 The causative agent of epidemic typhus (Rickettsia prowazekii) is transmitted person-to-person by Pediculus humanus corporis and thorough delousing (especially among exposed contacts of individuals with typhus) is recommended in epidemic situations.103
Scabies
Not effective for treatment of scabies (mite infestation).a
Pyrethrins with Piperonyl Butoxide Dosage and Administration
General
Measures to Avoid Reinfestation and Transmission
To avoid reinfestation or transmission of pediculosis or scabies, most experts recommend that clothing and bed linen that may have been contaminated by the infested individual during the 2 days prior to treatment should be decontaminated (machine-washed in hot water and dried in a hot dryer, dry-cleaned, or treated with an appropriate pesticide) or removed from body contact for ≥72 hours.103 104 106 113
Although it may not be necessary, items that cannot be laundered or dry-cleaned should be removed from contact and sealed in a plastic bag for 10–14 days.103 106 116
Combs and brushes used by the infected patient may be disinfected by soaking in hot water (temperature >54°C) for 5–10 minutes;103 106 alternatively, they can be soaked in alcohol or a pediculicide for 1 hour.106 112
Furniture and floors of rooms inhabited by patients infested with lice should be thoroughly vacuumed.103 106 116 Fumigation of living areas is not necessary and is not recommended.103 106 114 116
In the treatment of pediculosis capitis (head lice infestation), a fine-toothed comb often is recommended to remove any remaining nits (eggs) or nit shells.103 106 112 113 116 117 118 Some experts do not consider nit removal necessary since only live lice can be transmitted, but recommend it for aesthetic reasons and to decrease diagnostic confusion and unnecessary retreatment.103 116 117 118 Others strongly recommend removal of nits (especially those within 1 cm of the scalp) since no pediculicide is 100% ovicidal and potentially viable nits may remain on the hair after pediculicide treatment.103 116 117 118 Although many schools will not allow children with nits to attend, AAP and other experts consider these no-nit policies excessive.103 114 116
Administration
Topical Administration
Apply topically, usually as a shampoo containing 0.33% pyrethrins and 4% piperonyl butoxide.120 121 122 123
For external use only.120 121 122 123 Do not administer orally and do not apply to mucous membranes (e.g., inside the nose, mouth, or vagina).120 121 122 123
Do not apply to eyebrows or eyelashes and avoid contact with eyes.120 121 122 123 Eyes should be closed tightly and covered with a soft towel or washcloth while the shampoo is applied to scalp hair or washed off.120 121 122 123
Shake containers of pyrethrins with piperonyl butoxide before using.120 123
Dosage
Pediatric Patients
Pediculosis
Pediculosis Capitis (Head Lice Infestation) or Pediculosis Corporis (Body Lice Infestation)
Topical
Apply to dry scalp hair or other affected areas in an amount sufficient to thoroughly wet the area.120 121 122 123 If treating head lice, first apply behind ears and to back of neck.120 121 After 10 minutes, add warm water to form a good lather, wash, and thoroughly rinse with water until all lather is gone.120 121 122 123 Dry the hair with a clean towel and comb with a fine tooth comb to remove any remaining nits.120 121 122 123
One treatment may be successful, but treatment should be repeated after 7–10 days to kill any newly hatched lice.103 107 113 116 117 121 122 123 Do no use more than twice in 24 hours.123
Adults
Pediculosis
Pediculosis Capitis (Head Lice Infestation) or Pediculosis Corporis (Body Lice Infestation)
Topical
Apply to dry scalp hair or other affected areas in an amount sufficient to thoroughly wet the area.120 121 122 123 If treating head lice, first apply behind ears and to back of neck.120 121 After 10 minutes, add warm water to form a good lather, wash, and thoroughly rinse with water until all lather is gone.120 121 122 123 Dry the hair with a clean towel and comb with a fine tooth comb to remove any remaining nits.120 121 122 123
One treatment may be successful, but treatment should be repeated after 7–10 days to kill any newly hatched lice.103 107 113 116 117 121 122 123 Do not use more than twice in 24 hours.123
Pediculosis Pubis (Pubic Lice Infestation)
Topical
Apply to the pubic area.104 After 10 minutes, rinse off with water.104
CDC recommends reevaluating the patient 1 week after treatment if symptoms persist;104 retreatment may be necessary if lice or eggs are found.104 Some clinicians recommend routine retreatment 7–10 days after initial treatment.103 If retreatment is necessary, CDC recommends use of an alternative regimen.104
Cautions for Pyrethrins with Piperonyl Butoxide
Contraindications
Known hypersensitivity or intolerance to any ingredient in the formulation.
Warnings/Precautions
Sensitivity Reactions
Asthmatic Episodes
May cause breathing difficulty or an asthmatic episode in susceptible individuals.120 121 122
Use with caution in individuals allergic to ragweed.120 121 122 123
Discontinue use and contact a clinician if breathing difficulties occur.120 121
Contact Dermatitis
Pyrethrins may be contact allergens; sensitization characterized by dermatitis may be due to impurities from the pyrethrum flowers.a
Commercially available preparations of pyrethrins are refined, and only mild skin sensitization has been reported.a
General Precautions
Administration Precautions
Avoid contact with the eyes since ocular irritation may occur.120 121 122 123 Do not use for treatment of pediculosis of the eyebrows or eyelashes.120 121 122 123
If accidental contact with the eyes occurs, the affected eye(s) should be flushed thoroughly with water.120 121 122 123 If eye irritation occurs, discontinue use and contact a clinician.120 121 122
Avoid contact with mucous membranes (e.g., inside the nose, mouth, or vagina) since irritation may occur.120 121 122 123
Dermatologic Reactions
Local irritation or erythema may occur.120 121 a
If skin irritation or infection occurs, discontinue use and contact a clinician.120 121 122 123
Do not use on acutely inflamed skin or raw, weeping surfaces.a
Specific Populations
Pregnancy
CDC considers pyrethrins with piperonyl butoxide a pediculicide of choice when treatment is considered necessary in a pregnant woman.104
Pregnant women should consult a clinician before self-medicating with pyrethrins with piperonyl butoxide 120 121 122
Lactation
Not known whether distributed into milk. CDC considers pyrethrins with piperonyl butoxide a pediculicide of choice when treatment is considered necessary in a lactating woman.104
Lactating women should consult a clinician before self-medicating with pyrethrins with piperonyl butoxide.120 121 122
Pediatric Use
Should not be used in children <2 years of age unless directed by a clinician.120 121
Keep out of reach of children.120 121 122
Common Adverse Effects
Local irritation (erythema, pruritus, urticaria, edema, eczema).120 121 a 123
Pyrethrins with Piperonyl Butoxide Pharmacokinetics
Absorption
Bioavailability
Pyrethrins is absorbed through intact skin when applied topically.a Piperonyl butoxide is poorly absorbed through intact skin when applied topically.a
Distribution
Extent
Information regarding systemic distribution of pyrethrins and piperonyl butoxide following topical application not available.a
Elimination
Elimination Route
Information regarding elimination of pyrethrins and piperonyl butoxide following topical application not available.a
Stability
Storage
Topical
Shampoo
Well-closed containers at <40°C, preferably between 15–30°C.a
Actions and SpectrumActions
Pyrethrins (also known as pyrethrum extract) contains the purified derivatives of pyrethrum flowers (Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium) and is a complex of substances that includes the alcohols and esters of pyrethrolone and cinerolone, the alcohol of chrysanthemic acid, and the ester of pyrethric acid.a Piperonyl butoxide is a synthetic piperic acid derivative.a
Following absorption through the chitinous exoskeleton of arthropods, pyrethrins stimulates the nervous system and blocks nerve impulse transmissions, resulting in paralysis and death.a
Piperonyl butoxide has little or no insecticidal activity, but potentiates that of pyrethrins by inhibiting the hydrolytic enzymes responsible for metabolism of pyrethrins in arthropods.a
Pyrethrins is active against Pediculus humanus var. capitis (head louse), P. humanus var. corporis (body louse), and Phthirus pubis (pubic or crab louse), and may have some activity against their nits (eggs).a Pyrethrins also is toxic to houseflies, fleas, chiggers, and mosquitoes.a
Therapeutic failure and resistance to pyrethrins has been reported in P. humanus.107 116 The prevalence of resistance in the US is unclear.103 116
Treatment failures do not necessarily mean resistance is present since failures can also be related to misdiagnosis, noncompliance with the treatment regimen, and reinfestation.108 116
Advice to Patients
Importance of using only as directed.120 121 122 123
Advise patients regarding personal protective measures to avoid reinfestation or transmission of lice.103 104 106 113
Importance of not using on eyebrows or eyelashes and avoiding contact with the eyes since ocular irritation may occur.120 121 122 123 If accidental contact with the eyes occurs, the affected eye(s) should be flushed thoroughly with water.120 121 122 123
Importance of avoiding contact with mucous membranes (e.g., inside the nose, mouth, vagina).120 121 122 123
Advise patients to discontinue treatment and consult their clinician if skin or scalp irritation or infection is present or develops, if eyebrows or eyelashes are infested with lice, or if eye irritation occurs.120 121 122 123
Advise patients using pyrethrins with piperonyl butoxide that breathing problems or asthmatic episodes may occur in susceptible individuals.120 121 If breathing difficulties occur, discontinue treatment and consult a clinician.120 121
Importance of immediately consulting clinician and/or poison control center if pyrethrins with piperonyl butoxide is accidentally ingested.120 121
Importance of informing clinician of existing or contemplated concomitant therapy, including prescription and OTC drugs.120 121 122
Importance of women informing clinicians if they are or plan to become pregnant or plan to breast-feed.120 121 122
Importance of informing patients of other important precautionary information.120 121 122 (See Cautions.)
Preparations
Excipients in commercially available drug preparations may have clinically important effects in some individuals; consult specific product labeling for details.
Routes | Dosage Forms | Strengths | Brand Names | Manufacturer |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Topical | Shampoo | Pyrethrins 0.33% with Piperonyl Butoxide 4% | A200 Lice Killing Shampoo (with benzyl alcohol and isopropyl alcohol) | Hogil |
A200 Lice Treatment Kit (with benzyl alcohol and isopropyl alcohol; with comb and lice control spray) | Del | |||
Licide (with benzyl alcohol 2.4% and petroleum distillate 1.2%) | Reese | |||
Pronto Plus Lice Killing Mousse Shampoo Plus Vitamin E (with benzyl alcohol and isopropyl alcohol) | Del | |||
Pronto Plus Lice Killing Shampoo (with benzyl alcohol and isopropyl alcohol) | Del | |||
RID Maximum Strength Lice Killing Shampoo (with isopropyl alcohol) | Bayer |
Disclaimer
This report on medications is for your information only, and is not considered individual patient advice. Because of the changing nature of drug information, please consult your physician or pharmacist about specific clinical use.
The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, Inc. and Drugs.com represent that the information provided hereunder was formulated with a reasonable standard of care, and in conformity with professional standards in the field. The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, Inc. and Drugs.com make no representations or warranties, express or implied, including, but not limited to, any implied warranty of merchantability and/or fitness for a particular purpose, with respect to such information and specifically disclaims all such warranties. Users are advised that decisions regarding drug therapy are complex medical decisions requiring the independent, informed decision of an appropriate health care professional, and the information is provided for informational purposes only. The entire monograph for a drug should be reviewed for a thorough understanding of the drug's actions, uses and side effects. The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, Inc. and Drugs.com do not endorse or recommend the use of any drug. The information is not a substitute for medical care.
AHFS Drug Information. © Copyright, 1959-2011, Selected Revisions September 2007. American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, Inc., 7272 Wisconsin Avenue, Bethesda, Maryland 20814.
References
Only references cited for selected revisions after 1984 are available electronically.
101. Brown S, Becher J, Brady W. Treatment of ectoparasitic infections: review of the English-language literature, 1982-1992. Clin Infect Dis. 1995; 20:S104-9. [IDIS 345865] [PubMed 7540875]
103. American Academy of Pediatrics. 2006 Red Book: Report of the Committee on Infectious Diseases. 27th ed. Elk Grove Village, IL: American Academy of Pediatrics; 2006.
104. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines 2006. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2006; 55(RR-11):1-94.
105. Wilson DC, Leyva WH, King LE. Arthropod bites and stings. In: Fitzpatrick TB, Eisen AZ, Wolff K et al, eds. Dermatology in general medicine. 4th ed. New York: McGraw Hill Inc. 1993:2810-26.
106. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Treating head lice. From the CDC website () Accessed 2003 Aug 5.
107. Anon. Drugs for parasitic infections. Med Lett Drugs Ther. Aug 2004. From the Medical Letter web site ()
108. Anon. Drugs for head lice. Med Lett Drugs Ther. 1997; 39:6-7. [PubMed 9008683]
109. Reviewers’ comments (personal observations) on permethrin 84:04.12.
110. Lindane Shampoo, USP, 1% prescribing information. From the FDA web site (). Accessed 2003 Apr 4.
111. Mathieu ME, Wilson BB. Scabies. In: Mandell GL, Bennett JE, Dolin R, eds. Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett’s principles and practices of infectious diseases. 5th ed. New York: Churchill Livingstone; 2000:2974-6.
112. Meinking TL, Entzel P, Villar ME et al. Comparative efficacy of treatments for pediculosis capitis infections. Arch Dermatol. 2001; 137:287-92. [IDIS 461253] [PubMed 11255326]
113. Jones KN, English JC. Review of common therapeutic options in the United States for the treatment of pediculosis capitis. Clin Infect Dis. 2003; 36:1355-61. [IDIS 511964] [PubMed 12766828]
114. Roberts RJ. Head lice. N Engl J Med. 2002; 346:1645-50. [IDIS 481320] [PubMed 12023998]
115. Wendel K, Rompalo A. Scabies and Pediculosis pubis: an update of treatment regimens and general review. Clin Infect Dis. 2002; 35(Suppl 2):S146-51.
116. American Academy of Pediatrics. Head lice. Pediatrics. 2002; 110:638-43. [IDIS 486240] [PubMed 12205271]
117. Burkhart CG, Burkhart CN, Burkhart KM. An assessment of topical and oral prescription and over-the-counter treatments for head lice. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1998; 38:979-82. [IDIS 405854] [PubMed 9632008]
118. Burkhart CN, Burkhart CG, Pchalek I et al. The adherent cylindrical nit structure and its chemical denaturation in vitro: an assessment with therapeutic implications for head lice. Arch Pediatr Adolescent Med. 1998; 152:711- 2.
119. Reviewers’ comments (personal observations) on Permethrin 84:04.12.
120. Del Pharmaceuticals. Pronto maximum strength lice killing shampoo (pyrethrins with piperonyl butoxide) product information. Farmington, NY; 2002.
121. Bayer Healthcare. Rid (pyrethrins with piperonyl butoxide) product information. Morristown, NJ.
122. Hogli Pharmaceutical Corp. A200 lice killing shampoo (pyrethrins with piperonyl butoxide) product information.
123. Del Pharmaceuticals. Pronto plus lice killing mousse shampoo kit (pyrethrins with piperonyl butoxide) product information. Farmington, NY; 2007.
124. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Body lice infestation. From the CDC website () Accessed 2007 Jun 14.
125. Flinders DC, De Schweinitz P. Pediculosis and scabies. Am Fam Physician. 2004; 69:341-50. [IDIS 510826] [PubMed 14765774]
a. AHFS Drug Information 2006. McEvoy GK, ed. Pyrethrins with piperonyl butoxide. American Society of Health-System Pharmacists; 2006:3509-10.
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